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سورنا فایل دانلود کتاب - کتاب تخصصی در مورد مخابرات بیسیم - Wireless Communications over MIMO Channels دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .
Wireless Communications over MIMO Channels
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Wireless Communications over MIMO Channels - 2006
Applications to CDMA and Multiple Antenna Systems
Volker Kuhn
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xv
List of Abbreviations xvii
List of Symbols xxi
1 Introduction to Digital Communications 1
1.1 Basic SystemModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Multiple Access Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.3 Principle Structure of SISO Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Characteristics ofMobile Radio Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.1 Equivalent Baseband Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.2 Additive White Gaussian Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.3 Frequency-Selective Time-Variant Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.4 Systems with Multiple Inputs and Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3 Signal Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.1 Optimal Decision Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.2 Error Probability for AWGN Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.3.3 Error and Outage Probability for Flat Fading Channels . . . . . . . 22
1.3.4 Time-Discrete Matched Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.4 Digital Linear Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.4.2 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.4.4 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.5 Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.5.1 General Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.5.2 MRC for Independent Diversity Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.5.3 MRC for Correlated Diversity Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2 Information Theory 51
2.1 Basic Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.1.1 Information, Redundancy, and Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.1.2 Conditional, Joint and Mutual Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.1.3 Extension for Continuous Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.1.4 Extension for Vectors and Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.2 Channel Coding Theorem for SISO Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.2.1 Channel Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.2.2 Cutoff Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.2.3 Gallager Exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.2.4 Capacity of the AWGN Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.2.5 Capacity of Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.2.6 Channel Capacity and Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.3 Channel Capacity ofMIMO Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.4 Channel Capacity for Multiuser Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.4.1 Single Antenna AWGN Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.4.2 Single Antenna Flat Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.4.3 Multiple Antennas at Transmitter and Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3 Forward Error Correction Coding 91
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.2 Linear Block Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.2.1 Description byMatrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.2.2 Simple Parity Check and Repetition Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.2.3 Hamming and Simplex Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.2.4 Hadamard Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.2.5 Trellis Representation of Linear Block Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.3 Convolutional Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.3.1 Structure of Encoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.3.2 Graphical Description of Convolutional Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.3.3 Puncturing Convolutional Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.3.4 ML Decoding with Viterbi Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.4 Soft-Output Decoding of Binary Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.4.1 Log-Likelihood Ratios – A Measure of Reliability . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.4.2 General Approach for Soft-Output Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.4.3 Soft-Output Decoding for Walsh Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.4.4 BCJR Algorithm for Binary Block Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.4.5 BCJR Algorithm for Binary Convolutional Codes . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.4.6 Implementation in Logarithmic Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.5 Performance Evaluation of Linear Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.5.1 Distance Properties of Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.5.2 Error Rate Performance of Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.5.3 Information Processing Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.6 Concatenated Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.6.2 Performance Analysis for Serial Concatenation . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.6.3 Performance Analysis for Parallel Concatenation . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3.6.4 Turbo Decoding of Concatenated Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
3.6.5 EXIT Charts Analysis of Turbo Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
3.7 Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
3.7.1 Basic Definitions and Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
3.7.2 Graphical Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
3.7.3 Decoding of LDPC Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
3.7.4 Performance of LDPC Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
3.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4 Code Division Multiple Access 173
4.1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
4.1.1 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
4.1.2 Direct-Sequence CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
4.1.3 Single-User Matched Filter (SUMF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
4.1.4 Spreading Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
4.2 OFDM-CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
4.2.1 Multicarrier Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
4.2.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
4.2.3 Combining OFDMand CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
4.3 Low-Rate Channel Coding in CDMA Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
4.3.1 Conventional Coding Scheme (CCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
4.3.2 Code-Spread Scheme (CSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
4.3.3 Serially Concatenated Coding Scheme (SCCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
4.3.4 Parallel Concatenated Coding Scheme (PCCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
4.3.5 Influence of MUI on Coding Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
4.4 Uplink Capacity of CDMA Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
4.4.1 Orthogonal Spreading Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
4.4.2 Random Spreading Codes and Optimum Receiver . . . . . . . . . . 220
4.4.3 Random Spreading Codes and Linear Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . 222
4.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
5 Multiuser Detection in CDMA Systems 227
5.1 Optimum Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
5.1.1 Optimum Joint Sequence Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
5.1.2 Joint Preprocessing and Subsequent Separate Decoding . . . . . . . 229
5.1.3 Turbo Detection with Joint Preprocessing and Separate Decoding . . 231
5.2 Linear Multiuser Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
5.2.1 Decorrelator (Zero-Forcing, ZF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
5.2.2 Minimum Mean Squared Error Receiver (MMSE) . . . . . . . . . . 236
5.2.3 Linear Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
5.2.4 Linear Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) . . . . . . . . . . 243
5.3 Nonlinear Iterative Multiuser Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
5.3.1 Nonlinear Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
5.3.2 Uncoded Nonlinear Interference Cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
5.3.3 Nonlinear Coded Interference Cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
5.4 Combining Linear MUD and Nonlinear SIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
5.4.1 BLAST-like Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
5.4.2 QL Decomposition for Zero-Forcing Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
5.4.3 QL Decomposition for MMSE Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
5.4.4 Turbo Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
5.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
6 Multiple Antenna Systems 275
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
6.2 Spatial Diversity Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
6.2.1 Receive Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
6.2.2 Performance Analysis of Space–Time Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
6.2.3 Orthogonal Space–Time Block Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
6.2.4 Space–Time Trellis Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
6.3 Multilayer Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
6.3.1 Channel Knowledge at the Transmitter and Receiver . . . . . . . . 304
6.3.2 Channel Knowledge only at the Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
6.3.3 Performance of Multilayer Detection Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
6.3.4 Lattice Reduction-Aided Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
6.4 Linear Dispersion Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
6.4.1 LD Description of Alamouti’s Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
6.4.2 LD Description of Multilayer Transmissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
6.4.3 LD Description of Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
6.4.4 Optimizing Linear Dispersion Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
6.4.5 Detection of Linear Dispersion Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
6.5 Information Theoretic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
6.5.1 UncorrelatedMIMO Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
6.5.2 CorrelatedMIMO Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
6.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Appendix A Channel Models 329
A.1 Equivalent Baseband Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
A.2 Typical Propagation Profiles for Outdoor Mobile Radio Channels . . . . . . 330
A.3 Moment-Generating Function for Ricean Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Appendix B Derivations for Information Theory 333
B.1 Chain Rule for Entropies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
B.2 Chain Rule for Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
B.3 Data-Processing Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Appendix C Linear Algebra 335
C.1 Selected Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
C.2 Householder Reflections and Givens Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
C.3 LLL Lattice Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
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