لینک پرداخت و دانلود *پایین مطلب*
فرمت فایل:Word (قابل ویرایش و آماده پرینت)
تعدادصفحه:6
- Is stress a stimulus or a response?
The response argument has been strengthened by work dome by Hans Selye. Selye
observed an identical series of biochemical changes in a number of organisms adapting to a variety of environmental conditions. He termed this series of changes the general adaptation syndrome (Selye, 1936). Selye’s discovery of the biochemical and physiological pathways of the stress response has been of immense significance.
His concern to find the psychological mediators of the response to stress has, for
example, created the field of psychoneuroimmunology, an interdisciplinary area of
research exploring the varied and complex way the immune system reacts to
- A critique of Selye’s approach has been that it is too simplistic. It cannot,
for example explain the stress associated, with difficult relationships in the workplace.
A number of psychologists also believe that there are sources of stress which impact
fairly uniformly on individuals, for example in the workplace. The criticism of this
approach is essentially the same as of Selye’s response approach – it is too
- It does not take into account enormous individual differences in our ability
to handle stressful circumstances.
- Is there a ‘stress prone’ personality?
Another attractive facet of the appraisal concept is it broadens the notion of stress to
include psychological factors, particularly personality variables. There is the notion of
the hardy personality (e.g. Kobosa, 1979). There is a ‘Hardiness Institute’ and
measures for the construct are vigorously marketed to psychologists and therapists.
Hardiness incorporates the appraisal concept of stress by suggesting the specific
cognitive mechanisms attenuating responses to stressors. ‘High hardy’ individuals see
life as meaningful, controllable, and challenging. Seeing life as meaningful enables
high hardy individuals to retain a basic sense of purpose. They believe in themselves
and what they are doing. Their sense of control means they feel they make things
happen rather than things happen to them. Their interest in challenge means, for
example, seeing change as opportunity rather than threat.
مقاله انگلیسی Stress and Organizational Behaviour